Typhoid

Typhoid is a bacterial infection that can lead to a high fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. It can be fatal. It is caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi.

The infection is often passed on through contaminated food and drinking water, and it is more prevalent in places where handwashing is less frequent. It can also be passed on by carriers who do not know they carry the bacteria.

Annually, there are around 5,700 casesTrusted Source in the United States, and 75 percent of these start while traveling internationally. Globally, around 21.5 million people a year contract typhoid.

If typhoid is caught early, it can be successfully treated with antibiotics; if it is not treated, typhoid can be fatal

Typhoid is an infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhi).

The bacterium lives in the intestines and bloodstream of humans. It spreads between individuals by direct contact with the feces of an infected person.

No animals carry this disease, so transmission is always human to human.

If untreated, around 1 in 5 cases of typhoid can be fatal. With treatment, fewer than 4 in 100 cases are fatal.

S. typhi enters through the mouth and spends 1 to 3 weeks in the intestine. After this, it makes its way through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream.

From the bloodstream, it spreads into other tissues and organs. The immune system of the host can do little to fight back because S. typhi can live within the host’s cells, safe from the immune systemTrusted Source.

Typhoid is diagnosed by detecting the presence of S. typhi via blood, stool, urine, or bone marrow sample

Symptoms

Symptoms normally begin between 6 and 30 days after exposure to the bacteria.

The two major symptoms of typhoid are fever and rash. Typhoid fever is particularly high, gradually increasing over several days up to 104 degrees Fahrenheit, or 39 to 40 degrees Celsius.

The rash, which does not affect every patient, consists o lsjdflskdj fklsjdf kljsl fjsdkl fjskljd flksdj fkljsdjk f-colored spots, particularly on the neck and abdomen.

Other symptoms can include:

• weakness
• abdominal pain
• constipation
• headaches

Rarely, symptoms might include confusion, diarrhea, and vomiting, but this is not normally severe.

In serious, untreated cases, the bowel can become perforated. This can lead to peritonitis, an infection of the tissue that lines the inside of the abdomen, which has been reported as fatal in between 5 and 62 percentTrusted Source of cases.

Another infection, paratyphoid, is caused by Salmonella enterica. It has similar symptoms to typhoid, but it is less likely to be fatal.

Treatment

The only effective treatment for typhoid is antibiotics. The most commonly used are ciprofloxacin (for non-pregnant adults) and ceftriaxone.

Other than antibiotics, it is important to rehydrate by drinking adequate water.

In more severe cases, where the bowel has become perforated, surgery may be required.

Typhoid antibiotic resistance

As with a number of other bacterial diseases, there is currently concern about the growing resistance of antibiotics to S. typhi.

This is impacting the choice of drugs available to treat typhoid. In recent years, for example, typhoid has become resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin.

Ciprofloxacin, one of the key medications for typhoid, is also experiencing similar difficulties. Some studies have found Salmonella typhimurium resistance rates to be around 35 percent

Author: osamah